UNIT-2

UNIT II: UNDERSTANDING ONESELF: ADOLESCENCE

CHAPTER: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

What is Self? Personal dimension, Social dimension, Self- concept, Self esteem   
Self refers to the individual's perception and understanding of themselves. It encompasses various dimensions and aspects, including the personal dimension, social dimension, self-concept, and self-esteem.

Overall, self is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses various dimensions, including the personal dimension, social dimension, self-concept, and self-esteem. It is shaped by individual experiences, interactions with others, and cultural influences.

What is Identity?  Personal identity, Social identity

Identity refers to the characteristics, beliefs, values, and experiences that define an individual or a group. It is a complex concept that encompasses both personal identity and social identity.

Personal identity refers to the unique attributes, qualities, and characteristics that distinguish an individual from others. It includes aspects such as one's name, physical appearance, personality traits, skills, talents, and personal history. Personal identity is shaped by various factors, including genetics, upbringing, cultural background, and life experiences.

Social identity, on the other hand, refers to the group memberships and affiliations that individuals have, which contribute to their sense of belonging and social roles. It includes aspects such as nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, occupation, and membership in social groups or communities. Social identity is influenced by societal norms, cultural values, and interactions with others.

Both personal identity and social identity are interconnected and influence each other. Personal identity shapes how individuals perceive themselves and their place in the world, while social identity influences how individuals are perceived by others and how they relate to different social groups. Identity is a dynamic and evolving concept that can change over time as individuals grow, develop, and interact with their environment.

Self during Infancy: characteristics
Self during Infancy: 
Limited sense of self-awareness
Reliance on caregivers for basic needs
Developing trust and attachment to primary caregivers
Limited ability to communicate or express preferences

 Self during early childhood: characteristics
Self during early childhood: 
Developing a sense of self-identity
Increased independence and autonomy
Developing language skills to express thoughts and feelings
Beginning to understand social roles and expectations
Developing self-esteem and self-confidence

 Self during middle childhood: characteristics
Self during middle childhood: 
Developing a more stable and coherent sense of self
Increased self-awareness and understanding of personal strengths and weaknesses
Developing a sense of morality and empathy towards others
Expanding social relationships and friendships
Developing a sense of competence in various areas such as academics, sports, or hobbies

 Self during adolescence: characteristic
Self during adolescence: 
Continual development and exploration of self-identity
Increased self-consciousness and concern about social acceptance
Heightened emotional intensity and mood swings
Increased desire for independence and autonomy
Formation of personal values and beliefs
Developing a sense of future goals and aspirations

Identity development     
Identity development refers to the process through which individuals form a sense of who they are, including their values, beliefs, and goals. It involves the exploration and integration of various aspects of one's identity, such as gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and career aspirations.

Identity crisis
Identity crisis, a term coined by psychologist Erik Erikson, refers to a period of intense self-examination and uncertainty about one's identity. It typically occurs during adolescence but can also occur at other stages of life. During an identity crisis, individuals may question their values, beliefs, and goals, leading to feelings of confusion and anxiety.

Real vs Ideal self     
Real self refers to the actual characteristics, values, and beliefs that an individual possesses, while ideal self refers to the person an individual aspires to be. The real self is based on one's actual experiences and self-perception, while the ideal self is influenced by societal expectations, cultural norms, and personal aspirations. The ideal self can serve as a motivator for personal growth and development.

Influences on identity
Influences on identity include various factors such as family, peers, culture, society, and personal experiences. Family plays a significant role in shaping one's identity through the transmission of values, beliefs, and traditions. Peers also influence identity development by providing social support, acceptance, and opportunities for self-expression. Cultural and societal norms can shape identity by influencing gender roles, expectations, and societal norms. Personal experiences, such as traumatic events or significant life transitions, can also impact identity development.

Developing a sense of self and identity
 Influences on formation of identity     
There are several factors that can influence the formation of one's identity and sense of self. These influences can come from various sources, including:

 It is important to note that these influences are not mutually exclusive and can interact with and reinforce each other. Additionally, the formation of identity is a lifelong process and can continue to evolve and change over time.

Biological and physical changes

Biological and physical changes refer to the changes that occur in a person's body and physical appearance during development. This includes changes such as growth spurts, changes in body shape, the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and changes in hormonal levels.

Socio-cultural context    

Socio-cultural context refers to the influence of the social and cultural environment on an individual's development. This includes factors such as family, peers, school, community, and cultural norms and values. Socio-cultural context plays a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, and identity.

Emotional changes

Emotional changes refer to the changes in an individual's emotional experiences and expressions. During development, individuals may experience a wide range of emotions, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and love. Emotional changes also involve the development of emotional regulation skills and the ability to understand and empathize with others' emotions.

Cognitive changes

Cognitive changes refer to the changes in an individual's thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities. During development, individuals go through various stages of cognitive development, acquiring new skills and knowledge. Cognitive changes also involve the development of abstract thinking, memory, attention, and language skills.

CHAPTER: FOOD, NUTRITION, HEALTH AND FITNESS

Introduction     

Definition of Food     Nutrition     Nutrients    Balanced diet  Definition

RDA   Health and Fitness

RDA stands for Recommended Dietary Allowance, which is a set of guidelines established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. These guidelines provide recommendations for the daily intake of various nutrients to maintain good health and prevent nutrient deficiencies.

When it comes to health and fitness, following the RDA guidelines can help ensure that you are getting the necessary nutrients to support your physical activity and overall well-being. Here are a few ways in which RDA guidelines can be beneficial for health and fitness:

It's important to note that the RDA guidelines are general recommendations and may vary depending on individual factors such as age, sex, activity level, and specific health conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian can help you determine your specific nutrient needs and develop a personalized plan to support your health and fitness goals.

Using Basic food Groups for planning Balanced Diets

Planning a balanced diet involves incorporating foods from all the basic food groups in the right proportions. The basic food groups include:

When planning your meals, aim to include foods from each of these food groups in appropriate portions. This will ensure you get a wide range of nutrients and maintain a balanced diet. Additionally, drink plenty of water and limit sugary beverages to stay hydrated and avoid unnecessary calories.

Food guide pyramid.

The food guide pyramid is a visual representation of the recommended daily intake of different food groups for a healthy diet. It is designed to help individuals make informed choices about their food consumption and promote balanced nutrition.

The traditional food guide pyramid consists of several horizontal sections, each representing a different food group. The largest section at the bottom of the pyramid represents grains, such as bread, rice, and pasta, which should make up the largest portion of one's diet. Above the grains section is the fruits and vegetables section, followed by the protein section, which includes meat, poultry, fish, beans, and nuts. The smallest section at the top of the pyramid represents fats, oils, and sweets, which should be consumed sparingly.

The food guide pyramid also emphasizes the importance of physical activity and staying hydrated. It encourages individuals to engage in regular exercise and drink plenty of water.

In recent years, the traditional food guide pyramid has been replaced by more modern versions, such as MyPlate, which was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 2011. MyPlate simplifies the food groups into a plate-shaped diagram, with sections for fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy. It also includes a side portion for oils and encourages individuals to choose whole grains and low-fat dairy products.

Overall, the food guide pyramid serves as a helpful tool for individuals to understand and implement a balanced and nutritious diet. It provides guidance on portion sizes and encourages the consumption of a variety of foods from different food groups to ensure optimal health and well-being.

 Vegetarian food Guide

Vegetarianism is a dietary choice that excludes the consumption of meat, poultry, and seafood. It is a popular lifestyle for various reasons, including ethical, environmental, and health concerns. If you are considering or already following a vegetarian diet, here is a guide to help you navigate and enjoy a variety of vegetarian foods:

1. Fruits and Vegetables: These should form the foundation of your vegetarian diet. Aim to include a wide range of colorful fruits and vegetables in your meals to ensure you get a variety of nutrients. Incorporate leafy greens like spinach, kale, and Swiss chard, as well as other vegetables like broccoli, carrots, bell peppers, and tomatoes.

2. Whole Grains: Whole grains are an excellent source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Include foods like brown rice, quinoa, oats, whole wheat bread, and pasta in your meals to provide energy and promote satiety.

3. Legumes: Legumes, such as beans, lentils, chickpeas, and peas, are rich in protein, fiber, and various nutrients. They can be used in a variety of dishes, including soups, stews, salads, and even burgers.

4. Nuts and Seeds: These are great sources of healthy fats, protein, and essential nutrients. Incorporate almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, flaxseeds, and hemp seeds into your diet for added nutrition and texture.

5. Dairy Alternatives: If you choose to include dairy in your vegetarian diet, there are numerous plant-based alternatives available. Options like almond milk, soy milk, coconut milk, and oat milk can be used in place of cow's milk in recipes or enjoyed on their own.

6. Plant-based Proteins: To ensure you meet your protein needs, include plant-based protein sources like tofu, tempeh, seitan, and edamame. These can be used in stir-fries, curries, sandwiches, and more.

7. Eggs: If you include eggs in your vegetarian diet, they can be a versatile and nutritious addition to your meals. Enjoy them scrambled, boiled, poached, or incorporated into dishes like omelets and frittatas.

8. Herbs and Spices: Enhance the flavors of your vegetarian dishes with a variety of herbs and spices. Experiment with different combinations to create delicious and satisfying meals.

9. Condiments and Sauces: Explore vegetarian-friendly condiments and sauces to add flavor to your meals. Options like salsa, hummus, tahini, soy sauce, and nutritional yeast can elevate the taste of your dishes.

10. Vegetarian Recipe Resources: To expand your vegetarian cooking repertoire, explore vegetarian recipe websites, cookbooks, and social media accounts. These resources can provide inspiration and guidance for creating delicious and nutritious vegetarian meals.

Remember, it's important to ensure you are meeting your nutritional needs on a vegetarian diet. Pay attention to your intake of essential nutrients like protein, iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and omega-3 fatty acids. If you have any concerns or specific dietary requirements, consult with a registered dietitian or healthcare professional for personalized advice.

 Dietary Patterns in Adolescence - Irregular meals and skipping meals,  Snacking,   Fast foods,   Dieting

Adolescence is a critical period for establishing healthy dietary patterns that can have long-term effects on health and well-being. However, many adolescents engage in dietary behaviors that are less than optimal. Some common dietary patterns in adolescence include irregular meals and skipping meals, snacking, consuming fast foods, and engaging in dieting behaviors.

Irregular meals and skipping meals are prevalent among adolescents due to various reasons such as busy schedules, lack of time, or disinterest in food. This can lead to inadequate nutrient intake and disrupt the body's metabolism and energy balance. Skipping meals, especially breakfast, has been associated with poor academic performance, decreased cognitive function, and increased risk of obesity.

Snacking is another common dietary pattern among adolescents. Snacks often consist of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods such as chips, cookies, and sugary beverages. Excessive snacking can contribute to excessive calorie intake, weight gain, and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Fast food consumption is prevalent among adolescents due to its convenience, affordability, and appealing taste. Fast foods are typically high in calories, unhealthy fats, sodium, and added sugars. Regular consumption of fast foods has been linked to an increased risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other health problems.

Dieting behaviors are also common among adolescents, especially among those who are dissatisfied with their body image. Dieting can involve restrictive eating, skipping meals, or following fad diets. However, these behaviors can be detrimental to health and may lead to nutrient deficiencies, disordered eating patterns, and an increased risk of developing eating disorders.

It is important to promote healthy dietary patterns among adolescents to support their growth, development, and overall well-being. Strategies to encourage healthier eating habits include promoting regular and balanced meals, encouraging the consumption of nutrient-dense foods, limiting the availability and consumption of fast foods, and promoting a positive body image and self-acceptance rather than dieting.

Modifying diet-related behaviour

Modifying diet-related behavior refers to making changes to the way a person eats and approaches food in order to improve their overall health and well-being. This can involve making adjustments to the types of foods consumed, portion sizes, meal timing, and overall eating habits.

There are several strategies that can be used to modify diet-related behavior:

Modifying diet-related behavior is a long-term process that requires commitment and effort. By implementing these strategies, individuals can gradually make positive changes to their eating habits and improve their overall health and well-being.

Diet journal  

Keeping a diet journal can be a helpful tool in tracking your food intake and identifying any patterns or areas for improvement. It allows you to be more mindful of what you are eating and can help you make healthier choices.

Exercise

Regular exercise is important for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It can help with weight management, improve cardiovascular health, boost mood, and increase energy levels. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week, along with strength training exercises at least twice a week.

Substance use and abuse  

Substance use and abuse can have serious negative effects on your health. It is important to be aware of any harmful habits or addictions and seek help if needed. Substance abuse can lead to physical and mental health problems, relationship issues, and legal troubles.

Healthy eating habits

Developing healthy eating habits is crucial for overall well-being. This includes consuming a balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to practice portion control and limit the intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats.

Snacks

Snacks can be a part of a healthy diet if chosen wisely. Opt for nutritious options such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, or yogurt. Avoid sugary and high-calorie snacks that provide little nutritional value.

Drinking water  

Drinking an adequate amount of water is essential for maintaining proper bodily functions. It helps regulate body temperature, aids digestion, transports nutrients, and flushes out waste products. Aim to drink at least 8 cups (64 ounces) of water per day, or more if you are physically active or in hot weather.

Factors influencing eating behaviour    

There are several factors that can influence eating behavior, including:

Eating disorders at adolescence      

Eating disorders, particularly in adolescence, can be influenced by these factors as well. Adolescence is a critical period for the development of body image and identity, and individuals may be more susceptible to societal pressures and influences. Factors such as low self-esteem, perfectionism, dieting, and peer pressure can contribute to the development of eating disorders during this time. Additionally, hormonal changes during adolescence can also impact eating behavior and contribute to the development of disordered eating patterns.

  
CHAPTER: MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

Introduction

Management of resources refers to the process of planning, organizing, and controlling the use of resources in order to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Resources can be classified into various categories based on their nature and availability.

Classification of resources  

Human /non-human resources  

1. Human/non-human resources: Human resources refer to the individuals who contribute their skills, knowledge, and abilities to the organization. They include employees, managers, and other staff members. Non-human resources, on the other hand, refer to the physical assets and materials used by the organization, such as machinery, equipment, technology, and raw materials.

Individual/shared resources  

2. Individual/shared resources: Individual resources are those that are owned or controlled by individuals. These resources can include personal skills, knowledge, and abilities, as well as personal assets such as money, property, and investments. Shared resources, on the other hand, are those that are collectively owned or controlled by a group of individuals or organizations. Examples of shared resources include public infrastructure, common land, and shared facilities.

Natural / community resources  

3. Natural/community resources: Natural resources refer to the resources that are derived from the environment, such as land, water, minerals, and forests. These resources are essential for the survival and well-being of human beings and other living organisms. Community resources, on the other hand, refer to the resources that are collectively owned or managed by a community or society. Examples of community resources include public parks, community centers, and public transportation systems.

Human and non-human resources

4. Human and non-human resources: This classification refers to the combination of both human and non-human resources. It recognizes that organizations need both skilled and capable individuals as well as physical assets and materials in order to function effectively. The management of human and non-human resources involves ensuring that the right people are in the right roles, that they have the necessary skills and resources to perform their tasks, and that the physical assets and materials are properly maintained and utilized.

In conclusion, the management of resources involves the effective and efficient utilization of various types of resources to achieve organizational goals and objectives. By classifying resources into different categories, organizations can better understand and allocate their resources in a strategic and sustainable manner.

Human resources

Human resources refer to the individuals within an organization who contribute their knowledge, skills, and abilities to achieve organizational goals. These resources can be categorized into various factors:

o Knowledge
o Motivation/ interest 
o Skills/ strength/ aptitude 
o Time 
o Energy  Non-human resources 

5. Energy: The physical and mental energy employees bring to their work. High levels of energy enable employees to be productive and focused, leading to better performance and outcomes.

Non-human resources, on the other hand, are the resources that are not directly related to individuals but are necessary for the functioning of the organization. These resources include:

o Money

1. Money: The financial resources required to fund various activities within the organization, such as salaries, training programs, equipment, and infrastructure. Money is essential for the smooth operation and growth of the organization.

Overall, both human and non-human resources are vital for the success of an organization. While human resources provide the knowledge, skills, and motivation needed to achieve organizational goals, non-human resources, particularly money, provide the necessary support and infrastructure for employees to perform their tasks effectively.

o Material resources  

Individual and shared resourcesNatural resources refer to the materials or substances that occur naturally in the environment and are used by humans for various purposes. Examples of natural resources include water, air, minerals, forests, and wildlife.

Community resources, on the other hand, are the assets and services that are available within a community and are used by its members. These resources can include schools, libraries, parks, community centers, healthcare facilities, and transportation systems.

Both natural resources and community resources are important for the well-being and development of individuals and communities. Natural resources provide the raw materials for various industries and support the overall functioning of ecosystems. Community resources, on the other hand, contribute to the social, educational, recreational, and healthcare needs of a community.

Individual resources  

shared resources   
Natural and community resources   
Natural resources  
community resources

 Characteristics of resources  Utility  Accessibility  Interchangeability  Manageable  Managing Resources

 Management process

The management process involves several steps that help organisations achieve their goals and objectives. These steps include planning, organising, implementing, controlling, and evaluation.

 Planning 
1. Planning: This is the first step in the management process, where managers set goals and objectives for the organization and develop strategies to achieve them. It involves analyzing the current situation, identifying opportunities and threats, and formulating plans to guide the organization's activities.
 Steps in planning  
Organising 
2. Organizing: Once the plans are in place, managers need to organize the resources and activities necessary to achieve the goals. This involves determining the tasks that need to be performed, assigning responsibilities to individuals or teams, and establishing the structure and hierarchy within the organization.
Implementing  
3. Implementing: After organizing the resources, managers need to implement the plans by coordinating and directing the activities of the employees. This involves communicating the goals and objectives, providing necessary resources and support, and ensuring that the tasks are carried out effectively and efficiently.
Controlling 
4. Controlling: In this step, managers monitor the progress of the activities and compare them against the planned goals. They identify any deviations or variances and take corrective actions to bring the activities back on track. This involves measuring performance, analyzing the results, and making adjustments as necessary.
Evaluation
5. Evaluation: The final step in the management process is evaluating the overall performance of the organization. This involves assessing the success of the plans and strategies, identifying areas for improvement, and learning from the experience. Managers use this evaluation to make informed decisions and improve future planning and implementation processes.

Overall, the management process is a continuous cycle that involves planning, organizing, implementing, controlling, and evaluating to ensure the organization's success and achievement of its goals.

CHAPTER: FABRIC AROUND US

Definition of yarns, fibres, textile products

finishing.

Finishing: Finishing is the final stage in the production of textile products. It involves various processes and treatments applied to the fabric or textile to enhance its appearance, texture, durability, and functionality. Finishing techniques can include dyeing, printing, bleaching, washing, ironing, and applying coatings or finishes to achieve desired properties like water resistance or flame retardancy. Finishing plays a crucial role in determining the final quality and characteristics of the textile product.

Introduction to fibre properties

Fibre properties refer to the characteristics and qualities of different types of fibres. These properties determine the performance and suitability of fibres for various applications, such as textiles, composites, and optical communication.

Some of the key fibre properties include:

1. Strength: Fibres should have sufficient strength to withstand the applied load without breaking or deforming. The strength of fibres is usually measured in terms of tensile strength, which is the maximum load a fibre can bear before breaking.

2. Elasticity: Fibres should possess elasticity to recover their original shape after being stretched or deformed. This property is important for fibres used in textiles, as it allows them to retain their shape and resist wrinkling.

3. Flexibility: Fibres should be flexible enough to bend and twist without breaking. This property is crucial for fibres used in textiles, as it allows for ease of movement and comfort.

4. Durability: Fibres should be able to withstand wear and tear, as well as exposure to various environmental conditions, without deteriorating. This property is important for fibres used in applications such as outdoor textiles and composites.

5. Moisture absorption: Fibres can either be hydrophilic (absorb moisture) or hydrophobic (repel moisture). The moisture absorption property affects the comfort and breathability of textiles, as well as the performance of composites in wet conditions.

6. Thermal properties: Fibres can have different thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity and heat resistance. These properties determine the suitability of fibres for applications where heat transfer or resistance is important, such as thermal insulation or protective clothing.

7. Chemical resistance: Fibres can have varying resistance to chemicals, acids, and alkalis. This property is important for fibres used in applications where exposure to chemicals is likely, such as industrial textiles or protective gear.

8. Optical properties: In the case of optical fibres, properties such as refractive index, attenuation, and dispersion are crucial. These properties determine the ability of the fibre to transmit light signals efficiently and accurately.

Understanding the properties of different fibres is essential for selecting the right fibre for a specific application. Different fibres have different combinations of these properties, making them suitable for specific uses.

Classification of textile fibres

There are two main classifications of textile fibers: filament fibers and staple fibers.

Filament/staple fibres

Filament fibers are long continuous strands of fibers that can be spun into yarns without the need for additional processing. These fibers are typically smooth and have a high tensile strength. Examples of filament fibers include silk, nylon, and polyester.

Staple fibers,

on the other hand, are short fibers that need to be spun together to form yarns. These fibers are typically more textured and have a lower tensile strength compared to filament fibers. Examples of staple fibers include cotton, wool, and flax.

Natural/Manufactured (manmade) fibres

Within the natural/manufactured (manmade) fibers category, there are two subcategories: natural fibers and manufactured fibers.

Natural fibers are derived from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals. Examples of natural fibers include cotton, wool, silk, and linen.

Manufactured fibers,

also known as manmade or synthetic fibers, are created through chemical processes using raw materials such as petroleum or natural gas. Examples of manufactured fibers include polyester, nylon, acrylic, and rayon.

Overall, the classification of textile fibers helps to categorize and understand the different types of fibers used in the textile industry, allowing for better selection and utilization in various applications

Types of Natural Fibres

Cellulosic fibres

Cellulosic fibres:

Cotton: obtained from the cotton plant and is the most widely used natural fibre in the textile industry.
Linen: made from the flax plant and is known for its strength and durability.
Jute: derived from the jute plant and is commonly used for making sacks and bags.
Hemp: obtained from the hemp plant and is known for its strength and sustainability.

Protein fibres
Protein fibres:

Silk: produced by silkworms and is known for its lustrous appearance and smooth texture.
Wool: obtained from sheep and is known for its warmth and insulation properties.
Cashmere: obtained from the cashmere goat and is known for its softness and luxury.

 Mineral fibres
Mineral fibres:
 Asbestos: a naturally occurring mineral that was commonly used in the past for its heat resistance properties, but is now banned due to its health risks.
Fiberglass: made from molten glass and is commonly used for insulation and reinforcement purposes.

 Natural rubber
Rubber: obtained from the latex of rubber trees and is commonly used in the production of elastic materials.

Types of Manufactured Fibres

Manufactured (manmade) fibres:

- Synthetic fibres: made from chemical substances and are created through various processes such as extrusion or spinning.
- Examples include polyester, nylon, acrylic, and rayon.

 Regenerated cellulosic fibres

Regenerated fibres:
- Made from natural materials such as wood pulp or bamboo, but are processed to create a fibre.
- Examples include viscose, modal, and lyocell.

Modified cellulosic fibres
Modified cellulosic fibers refer to fibers that are derived from cellulose, but have been chemically or physically modified to enhance their properties. This can include fibers such as rayon, lyocell, and modal.

Protein fibres
Protein fibers are fibers that are derived from natural proteins, such as silk, wool, and cashmere. These fibers are known for their softness, strength, and ability to regulate temperature.

Non-cellulosic fibres
Non-cellulosic fibres are fibres that are not derived from cellulose. This can include synthetic fibres such as polyester, nylon, and acrylic, as well as natural fibers such as silk and wool.

Mineral fibres
Mineral fibres are fibres that are derived from minerals, such as asbestos, fibreglass, and rock wool. These fibres are known for their heat resistance and insulation properties.

Some Important fibres and their properties Cotton
- Natural fiber derived from the cotton plant
- Soft and breathable
- Absorbent and moisture-wicking
- Durable and strong
- Wrinkle-resistant
- Easy to care for and machine washable
 Linen
- Natural fiber derived from the flax plant
- Lightweight and breathable
- Highly absorbent and quick-drying
- Strong and durable
- Wrinkle-prone
- Requires special care and often needs to be dry cleaned
 Wool
- Natural fiber derived from sheep or other animals
- Excellent insulation properties
- Moisture-wicking and breathable
- Resilient and elastic
- Wrinkle-resistant
- Requires special care and often needs to be dry cleaned
 Silk
- Natural fiber derived from silkworms
- Luxurious and smooth texture
- Lightweight and breathable
- Excellent draping qualities
- Strong and durable
- Requires delicate care and often needs to be dry cleaned
Rayon
- Semi-synthetic fiber made from cellulose
- Soft and comfortable
- Highly absorbent
- Drapes well and has a silky appearance
- Can mimic the properties of natural fibers
- Prone to shrinkage and requires special care
 Nylon
- Synthetic fiber made from petroleum-based chemicals
- Strong and durable
- Lightweight and quick-drying
- Resistant to wrinkles and abrasion
- Excellent elasticity and stretchability
- Resistant to mildew and insects
 Polyester
- Synthetic fiber made from petroleum-based chemicals
- Strong and durable
- Wrinkle-resistant and easy to care for
- Quick-drying and moisture-wicking
- Resistant to stretching and shrinking
- Can be blended with other fibers for added properties

 Acrylic
- Synthetic fiber made from polymers
- Soft and lightweight
- Excellent warmth retention
- Resistant to wrinkles and fading
- Quick-drying and moisture-wicking
- Can be blended with other fibers for added properties

Elastomeric fibres
- Synthetic fibers with high elasticity and stretchability
- Excellent recovery and shape retention
- Resistant to wrinkles and shrinkage
- Used in stretchy fabrics and garments that require flexibility
- Can be blended with other fibers for added properties

Yarns
 Yarn processing
Yarn processing involves several steps to transform raw fibers into usable yarns.  

Cleaning
One of the initial steps is cleaning, where the fibers are thoroughly washed and any impurities or foreign matter are removed. This ensures that the yarn produced is clean and of high quality.

 Making into a sliver
After cleaning, the fibers are made into a sliver. A sliver is a long, narrow bundle of fibers that have been carded and aligned in the same direction. This process helps to further remove any remaining impurities and ensures that the fibers are evenly distributed.

Attenuating, drawing out and twisting
The next step in yarn processing is attenuating, drawing out, and twisting. Attenuating refers to the process of stretching and thinning the sliver to create a finer and more uniform strand. Drawing out involves pulling the sliver through a series of rollers or machines to further elongate and align the fibers. Finally, twisting is done to add strength and stability to the yarn. The twisted fibers are wound onto bobbins or cones, ready to be used for various textile applications.

Overall, yarn processing involves cleaning the fibers, making them into a sliver, and then attenuating, drawing out, and twisting the sliver to create the final yarn product. These steps are crucial in ensuring the quality and performance of the yarn.
 Yarn terminology  
Yarn terminology refers to the specific terms and vocabulary used in the yarn industry. This includes terms such as yarn number, yarn twist, and yarn and thread.
 Yarn number 
Yarn number refers to the thickness or fineness of a yarn. It is usually denoted by a number, with higher numbers indicating finer yarns.
Yarn twist 
Yarn twist refers to the number of turns per inch in a yarn. The twist affects the strength, appearance, and behavior of the yarn.

 
Yarn and thread
Yarn and thread are both types of textile materials made from fibers. Yarn is typically used for knitting and weaving, while thread is used for sewing and embroidery.
 Fabric production  
Fabric production involves the manufacturing of fabrics from yarns. This can be done through various processes such as weaving, knitting, braiding, and more.
Weaving
Weaving is the process of interlacing two sets of yarns, known as the warp and weft, to create a fabric.  
Knitting
Knitting is a method of creating fabric by interlocking loops of yarn using knitting needles or a knitting machine.
Braiding 
Braiding is a technique where three or more strands of yarn or fabric are interlaced diagonally to create a strong and decorative structure. 
Nets  
Nets are open-mesh fabrics made by knotting or looping yarns together. They are commonly used for fishing, sports, and other applications.
Laces
Laces are delicate fabrics made by twisting, looping, or braiding threads together. They are often used for decorative purposes in clothing and accessories.
 Textile Finishing
Textile finishing refers to the processes applied to fabrics after production to enhance their appearance, texture, and performance.
Finishing with colour
Finishing with color involves dyeing or printing fabrics to add color and patterns.
Printing
Printing is the process of applying color or designs onto fabrics using various techniques such as screen printing, digital printing, or block printing.

CHAPTER-MEDIA COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Communication and Communication Technology
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, and thoughts between individuals or groups. It is an essential aspect of human interaction and plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, including personal relationships, business transactions, and societal development.

Communication technology refers to the tools, systems, and platforms that facilitate communication. It encompasses a wide range of technologies, including telephones, computers, email, social media, video conferencing, and instant messaging. These technologies have revolutionized the way people communicate, making it faster, more efficient, and more accessible.

In today's digital age, communication technology has become an integral part of everyday life. It has transformed the way businesses operate, enabling remote work, global collaboration, and instant communication with customers and partners. It has also revolutionized personal communication, allowing people to connect with friendsand family across the globe in real-time.

However, while communication technology has numerous benefits, it also presents challenges. The constant connectivity and information overload can lead to distractions, reduced productivity, and privacy concerns. Additionally, the reliance on technology for communication can hinder face-to-face interactions and the development of essential social skills.

In conclusion, communication and communication technology are inseparable in today's world. They have transformed the way we interact and have become essential tools for personal and professional communication. However, it is crucial to strike a balance between the convenience of technology and the importance of human connection.
 
What is Communication
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through speech, writing, signals, behavior, or visuals. This interaction can occur through various channels and mediums. It involves a sender, a message, and a recipient. Effective communication requires the message to be clear and understandable, and it plays a crucial role in human interaction and everyday life.

Classification of communication

Communication can be classified into various types based on several different factors such as the communication channels used, the number of participants, the style and tone, etc. Here are some of the main types of communication:

1. Verbal Communication: This involves the use of words to share information with others. It can be further divided into written communication and oral communication.

2. Non-verbal Communication: This involves communicating without words, using gestures, body language, facial expressions, etc.

3. Interpersonal Communication: This is communication between two or more people. It can be formal (in a workplace setting) or informal (like friends chatting).

4. Intrapersonal Communication: This is communication with oneself, such as self-talk or inner dialogue.

5. Group Communication: This involves communication within a group of people. It can be a small group (like a team meeting) or a large group (like a conference).
6. Mass Communication: This is communication to a large group of people, typically through mass media like newspapers, television, radio, etc.

7. Digital Communication: This involves communication through digital means, such as email, social media, instant messaging, etc.

8. Visual Communication: This involves the use of visual elements to communicate, such as images, diagrams, charts, etc.

9. Public Communication: This involves a single speaker addressing a large audience, such as in a public speech or lecture.

10. Business Communication: This involves communication within a business context, such as between employees, between a company and its clients, etc.

11. Intercultural Communication: This involves communication between people of different cultures, taking into account cultural differences in language, behavior, etc.

12. Active and Passive Communication: Active communication involves direct, assertive expression of ideas, while passive communication involves indirect, non-assertive expression.

Each type of communication has its own rules, norms, and conventions, and effective communication often involves understanding and navigating these complexities.

How does communication takes place  

Communication takes place when information is passed from a sender (the source of the communication) to a receiver (the target of the communication). This can happen in various ways, such as through spoken or written language, body language, or even through technological means like emails, phone calls, or social media.

The process of communication generally involves the following steps:

It's important to note that communication is a two-way process. The receiver can also send feedback to the sender, indicating whether they have understood the message or not. This feedback can then lead to further communication or clarification.

What is media
Media refers to various means of communication that reach or influence people widely. It includes various platforms like newspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet. Media is a significant force in modern culture, particularly in shaping public opinion and is often used to convey information, news, entertainment, and advertising.

Media classification and functions

Media can be classified into various types based on different factors such as format, purpose, audience, ownership, and technology. Here are some of the main classifications:

1. Print Media: This includes newspapers, magazines, brochures, newsletters, books etc. The main function of print media is to inform and entertain the audience with news, articles, stories, and advertisements.

2. Broadcast Media: This includes television and radio. Broadcast media is used to disseminate information to a wide audience. It is also used for entertainment purposes through various shows, movies, and music.

3. Digital Media: This includes internet-based media like websites, blogs, social media, online videos, podcasts etc. Digital media is used for communication, information dissemination, entertainment, education, and marketing.

4. Outdoor Media: This includes billboards, banners, posters, and signs. The main function of outdoor media is advertising and promotion.

5. Multimedia: This includes media that combines text, graphics, sound, animation, and video. Multimedia is used in various fields like education, entertainment, advertising, and communication.

6. Social Media: This includes platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn etc. Social media is used for communication, networking, information sharing, marketing, and entertainment.

7. Owned Media: This includes media channels owned by a company or individual like websites, blogs, newsletters etc. The main function of owned media is to control the message and content.

8. Paid Media: This includes media channels where space or time is bought for advertising or promotion like TV ads, radio ads, print ads, online ads etc.

9. Earned Media: This includes media coverage gained through promotional efforts other than advertising, like public relations, social media shares, reviews etc.

The main functions of media are to inform, educate, entertain, and influence the audience. It also serves as a platform for communication, marketing, and advertising. Media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, promoting cultural understanding, and supporting democratic processes.

What is communication technology  

Communication technology refers to the hardware and software solutions used to digitally send, receive, and manage information. It includes various mediums, such as radio, television, mobile phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems, and the internet. These technologies allow individuals and organizations to communicate information quickly and efficiently to multiple recipients across vast distances.
Classification of communication technologies

1. Wired Communication Technologies: This involves the transfer of information over a physical medium. Examples include twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, and fiber optics.

2. Wireless Communication Technologies: This involves the transfer of information without the use of physical mediums. Examples include radio communication, satellite communication, infrared communication, and microwave communication.

3. Optical Communication Technologies: This involves the use of light as a medium to transfer information. Examples include fiber optics and free-space optical communication.

4. Mobile Communication Technologies: This involves the use of portable devices to communicate. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, and laptops.

5. Network Communication Technologies: This involves the use of a network of computers to communicate. Examples include Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), and the Internet.

6. Satellite Communication Technologies: This involves the use of satellites to communicate. Examples include GPS, satellite TV, and satellite radio.

7. Telecommunication Technologies: This involves the use of telecommunication networks to communicate. Examples include telephones, fax machines, and telegraphs.

8. Digital Communication Technologies: This involves the use of digital signals to communicate. Examples include digital TV, digital radio, and digital cellular networks.

9. Analog Communication Technologies: This involves the use of analog signals to communicate. Examples include analog TV, analog radio, and analog telephones.

10. Data Communication Technologies: This involves the transfer of data between devices. Examples include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.

11. Voice Communication Technologies: This involves the transfer of voice signals between devices. Examples include telephones, VoIP, and mobile phones.

12. Video Communication Technologies: This involves the transfer of video signals between devices. Examples include video conferencing, streaming services, and television broadcasting.

Modern communication technologies

have revolutionized the way we share and receive information. They have made it possible to communicate instantly with anyone, anywhere in the world. These technologies include smartphones, social media platforms, email, video conferencing tools, and more.

1. Smartphones: These devices have become an essential part of our lives. They allow us to make calls, send texts, access the internet, use social media, and much more. They have made communication more convenient and efficient.

2. Social Media Platforms: Websites and applications like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn have changed the way we interact with each other. They allow us to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content in real-time.

3. Email: This technology has been around for decades but continues to be a primary form of communication, especially in the business world. It allows us to send and receive messages instantly, share documents, and keep a record of our conversations.

4. Video Conferencing Tools: Applications like Zoom, Skype, and Google Meet have made it possible to have face-to-face meetings with people from different parts of the world. They are especially useful for businesses with remote employees or for people who work from home.

5. Instant Messaging Apps: Apps like WhatsApp, Messenger, and Viber have made it possible to send instant messages, make voice and video calls, and share multimedia content with individuals or groups.

6. Blogs and Forums: These platforms allow people to share their thoughts, ideas, and experiences with a wider audience. They are also a great way to gather information and learn from others.

7. Cloud-Based Services: These services allow us to store and share large amounts of data online. They make it easier to collaborate with others, as everyone can access the same information from different devices.

These technologies have not only made communication faster and more efficient, but they have also made it more accessible. Today, anyone with an internet connection can communicate with people from all over the world. However, they also come with challenges, such as privacy and security concerns, which need to be addressed.